Qur’an section from 9th century Qayrawan (in modern day Tunisia). Part of the third section (of seven), in Kufic, the oldest calligraphic script in Arabic. The manuscript represents an intermediate stage of the written Qur'an,  between the earliest texts that included only letters, and the completely punctuated and vowelized   text familiar today. In addition to the red dots representing vowels, variant readings are presented either using green or yellow dots. Shown here is the beginning of Chapter 11, Surat Hud.

This is a Qur’an section from 12th century Andalusia. It is the 29th section (of 30), written on parchment, which was mostly likely copied in 12 century Seville. The Arabic Andalusian script developed out of Kufic script. Although the script uses conventional vowels and punctuation, it references the early Kufic script by using a distinct yellow dot for the hamza instead of a letter. Displayed here is the end of Chapter 77, Surat al-Mursalat, and the end of the section.